A review on Black Pepper as Antidiabetic agent: Black- Not always bad

 

S.D. Mankar, M.S. Bhosale Pankaj Sonawane, Mohini Shelke

Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Pravaranagar A/P Loni - 413736 Tal - Rahata, Dist- Ahmednagar.

 

ABSTRACT:

Because of their broad pharmacological potentials and lower side effects in biological systems, medicinal plants are particularly popular in numerous traditional medical systems. Piper nigrum L. (Family Piperaceae) is a well-known spice known as "The King of Spices" among many others. It includes the pungent alkaloid ‘‘piperine," which is thought to have a variety of pharmacological effects. By blocking many metabolizing enzymes, it increases the bioavailability of a variety of medicines and minerals.Anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-asthmatics, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antispasmodic, antidepressants, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, anti-thyroids, antibacterial, antifungal, hepato-protective, insecticidal, and larvicidal activities are just a few of the pharmacological properties Black pepper has traditionally been used to treat diarrhea, dyspepsia, cholera, and gastrointestinal problems.It contains alkaloids, flavones, steroids, and terpenes, among other active phytochemicals. Piperine is the main alkaloid contained in black pepper, accounting for around 4-6 percent of the total. Piperine has recently been discovered to be a PPAR-agonist, a ligand-activated transcription factor found in adipocytes and macrophages that promotes adipocyte development and insulin sensitivity. As a result, piperine could be used as an anti-diabetic medication. Essential oils, acids, esters, alcohol, and phenols make up this mixture. The essential oils that give it its distinct flavor are primarily made up of a group of chemical molecules known as terpenes. Black pepper's antibacterial properties are due to terpenes. Black pepper also has the ability to stimulate saliva secretion, HCL acid, digestive fluid, bile, and mucus, all of which contribute to immune stability. This study aims to give a review of the literature on pharmacognosy, pharmacological activity, and novel piperine.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

A valuable medicinal plant is Piper nigrum (Piperaceae family)¹. That is the One of the spices most widely used and known as " The King of Spices " among different spices. In several tropical countries, black pepper is grown in Regions such as India, Brazil and Indonesia^2,3. Piper nigrum is often found in Known in Urdu and Hindi as Kali Mirch, Pippali in Sanskrit, Milaguuu, White pepper, green pepper, yellow pepper, white pepper, black pepper, In English, Madagascar pepper. A valuable medicinal plant is piper nigrum. Many interesting behaviour in pharmacology. It is commonly used in various countries. Popular medicine systems such as the Ayurvedic and the Unani Method Pharmaceuticals^3,4. Piperine shows various pharmacological operations, such as Anti-hypertensive and anti-platelet, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-anti-tumor Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, asthmatic, Antispasmodic, anxiolytic, hepato-protective antidepressants, Immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-thyroid, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, Apoptotic, anti-metastatic, antimutagenic, anti-spermatogenic, anti-metastatic, anti-spermatogenic, Toxin of the colon, insecticidal and larvicidal operations etc^5,6,7. Members of the Piperaceae botanical family were among the first plants cultivated^8,9. Black pepper (from Piper the best are nigrum) and long pepper (Piper longum), Known species in this household and are likely to be among The world's most recognised spices. BLACK PEPPER Around 35 percent of the overall spice world alone accounts for Oh. Trade. Black pepper and long pepper, however, have Medicinally used for decades, in recent years, Comprehensive study data on phytochemistry and plant chemistry These plants have distinct pharmacological behaviour Black Pepper is also available in the Unani system of medicine^10,11. This is a Persian word and is known as Filfile Siyah. Black pepper is an Indian native, and is one of India's The world's oldest and best-known spices. There was a profound influence on Pepper on the Middle-Ages and Many European Economies To this, Western states owed their wealth The coveted spice that gave them a very high spice Uh, award. Pepper is now grown predominantly in India, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Srilanka. Schwilanka. Approximately 25% of the world's production the main producer comes from India, which is within the world. Kerala is the largest in India Indonesia is one of the biggest pepper producers in the world. World, either black or white pepper. Indonesia was generating in 2012 75,000 mt of black pepper, consisting of 55,000 mt of black pepper and White pepper, 20,000 mt. The key black manufacturing areas Lampung is pepper, where 70-80% of the production is produced. Complete pepper production in Indonesia^12,13,14. As many as 39% of black people are Pepper is shipped to the United States and the excess is imported to the United States. Other nations, such as Vietnam, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, Singapore and India. Indonesia has now become Indonesia's fourth nation. The world's largest number of diabetic patients, after India, China and the US, and 80 percent of them are patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. WHO forecasts The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased in Indonesia, compared with In 2000, 8.4 million to 21.3 million in 2030. So, discovering new new-ones A synthetic antidiabetic compound is important^15,16,17.

 

Fig.No.1:-Seeds of black pepper    Fig.No.2:- Raw seeds of black pepper

 

Pharmacognosy of Piper nigrum^18,19:

Taxonomical Classification of Piper nigrum:

Kingdom: Plantae

Class: Equisetopsida

Sub class: Magnoliidae

Super order: Magnolianae

Order: Piperales

Family: Piperaceae

Genus: Piper

Species: nigrum

 

Vernacular Names^20,21:

Hindi: Kalimirich

Urdu: Kalimirch, Golmirch

Arabic: Filfil Aswad

Persian: Filfil Siyah, Filfil Gird

Greek: Famary, Faqurti

Sanskrit: Maricham

Kannada: Menasinakalu, Menasu

English: Black Pepper

 

Chemical Constituents^22,23:

The principal constituents of black pepper are resin, volatile oil and piperine. It also contains a

little fatty oil, starch, mineral salts, malic acid and albumin

 

Structure of Piperine:

 

Fig. No. 3: Structure of piperine

 

Antidiabetic Agents:

The multi-factorial and multi-genetic disorder of T2DM is This occurs as a metabolic mix disorder; insulin Resistance and cell insufficiency of the beta pancreas²⁵. The both insulin Resistance and cell insufficiency of the beta pancreas is caused by Obesity and genetic influences are occurring. Current therapies are sulfonylureas, metformin, acarbose, and thiazolidinones (TZDs) for Plasma Glucose Reduction. Receptors triggered by peroxisome proliferators (PPARs) they belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily subfamily. Three observed isoforms of PPARs are PPAR, PPAR, and PPAR, respectively. These are transcription, ligand-inducible, Factors that control the expression of target genes involved in Adipogenesis, synthesis of lipids, inflammation, and metabolic processes Homoeostasis. The gene transcription method of PPARs is close to that of but their spectrum of speech is distinct. PPAR is highly successful^26,27. It primarily controls the kidney, heart, liver, and muscles. Genes. PPAR of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is often expressed in adipose tissue that is white and dark, and to a lesser degree, in immune cells, the colon and cecum mucosa, skeletal muscle and placenta. It consists of three PPAR1, PPAR2, and PPAR3 are isoforms. In type 2 diabetic patients, PPAR agonists are used to minimise the glucose level in plasma is thiazolidinedione (TZDs)^28,29.

 

CONCLUSION:

Black pepper is a very rich kind of pepper. The source of a large range of chemical constituents, Most of which are active biologically. The long one, the long one The method of using pepper in various traditional activities Medical systems ranged from the kitchen, to medicines, to cosmetics. It was also found that piperine improved the absorption of many Drugs and demonstrated bioavailability improve the activity of several drugs and With nutrients. This significant piperine property can be very helpful to Boost the clinical effectiveness of many of the therapeutically relevant Drugs. High black pepper production in As a raw material for Indonesia, piperine production can lead to Independently, the antidiabetic agent. Plants are one of the most important sources of Pharmaceuticals. The truth is well known that the In Unani, various medicinal plants are listed in Medicine has a critical role to play in relation to the spectrum of diseases. An comprehensive analysis of the bibliography of Unani medicine has revealed that this medicine has Lots of therapeutic acts.

 

Fig. No.4: Therapeutic Benefits of Black pepper

 

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Received on 08.10.2021         Modified on 22.11.2021

Accepted on 29.12.2021       ©A&V Publications All right reserved